However, in a plant factory with controlled artificial lighting, temperature, CO 2 concentration, and airflow, specific conditions can be maintained to produce plants with consistent quality 2. In plants grown in an open field, the yield and quality are dependent on environmental conditions such as temperature, the amount of solar radiation, and the photoperiod 1. These data suggest that co-treatment with NaCl and Na 2SeO 3 increased the ITC content and chemopreventive effects of kale root. Only the extract of kale roots exposed to a combination NaCl and Na 2SeO 3 for 2 weeks showed an increased expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), which regulates genes encoding antioxidant proteins. To evaluate the bioactivity of kale, HepG2 human hepatoma cells were treated with plant extract for 6 h. Importantly, the ITC concentration was affected by 2-week treatment with both compounds. Levels of sinigrin were increased by a 2-week exposure to Na 2SeO 3 alone or in combination with NaCl, whereas no changes were observed in glucoraphanin and gluconasturtiin gluconasturtiin levels.
Exposure to NaCl alone but not Na 2SeO 3 increased plant root growth. The kale was harvested and analysed after treatment with NaCl and Na 2SeO 3 alone or in combination for 1 or 2 weeks.
We speculated that treatment of kale ( Brassica oleracea) grown in a plant factory with NaCl, Na 2SeO 3, or both would increase the bioactive phytochemical levels including glucosinolates (GLSs) and isothiocyanates (ITCs), the key molecules in cancer prevention. A plant factory is a closed cultivation system that provides a consistent and modified environment for plant growth.
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